Following liberation, the Philippines became independent in 1946. The ensuing Philippine–American War ended with the United States establishing control over the territory, which they maintained until the Japanese invasion of the islands during World War II. Spain ceded the territory to the United States, while Filipino revolutionaries declared the First Philippine Republic. In 1896, the Philippine Revolution began, which then became entwined with the 1898 Spanish–American War. During this time, Catholicism became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of trans-Pacific trade. Spanish settlement through Mexico, beginning in 1565, led to the Philippines becoming part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. In 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer leading a fleet for Spain, marked the beginning of Spanish colonization. Adoption of animism, Hinduism and Islam established island-kingdoms called Kedatuans, Rajahnates and Sultanates. Negritos, some of the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Manila is the country's capital, while the largest city is Quezon City both lie within the urban area of Metro Manila. The Philippines has diverse ethnicities and cultures throughout its islands.
The Philippines covers an area of 300,000 km 2 (120,000 sq mi) and, as of 2021, it had a population of around 109 million people, making it the world's thirteenth-most populous country. It shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north, Japan to the northeast, Palau to the east and southeast, Indonesia to the south, Malaysia to the southwest, Vietnam to the west, and China to the northwest. The Philippines is bounded by the South China Sea to the west, the Philippine Sea to the east, and the Celebes Sea to the southwest. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and consists of around 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The Philippines ( / ˈ f ɪ l ɪ p iː n z/ ( listen) Filipino: Pilipinas), officially the Republic of the Philippines (Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas), is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.
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